考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解真題解析
提升閱讀和翻譯能力要打好基礎(chǔ)，要做到這一點(diǎn)，一定要學(xué)會(huì)精讀，以歷年真題為依托，仔細(xì)研究每個(gè)句子，日積月累，堅(jiān)持百日，相信會(huì)有很大的提升。下面是小編給大家準(zhǔn)備的考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的真題及解析，一起來(lái)看看吧!
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid 1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.)Foreign made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid 1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."
1. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because ________.
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before
[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
2. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ________.
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
[C] machine tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
3. What can be inferred from the passage?
[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.
[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
4. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ____
[A] turning of the business cycle [B] restructuring of industry
[C] improved business management [D] success in education
>>>>>>答案解析<<<<<<
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
1.handicap (v.阻礙;使不利)←hand+i(n)+cap，據(jù)說(shuō)源自古代一種賭博：將罰金置于帽子里，手進(jìn)入帽子抽簽，抽中者處不利地位。cultural handicap 文化障礙;language handicap 語(yǔ)言障礙。
2.unparalleled(無(wú)可比擬的)←un+parallel+ed;parallel(n.v.a.平行;相似)即para+llel，para-前綴“在旁邊”=beside，llel三個(gè)l看作是“平行線”。parallel points in the characters of different men 不同人的個(gè)性的相同之處。
3.prosperous(繁榮的)←prosper(v.繁榮)+ous;prosperity←prosper+ity名詞后綴。T
predominance(優(yōu)勢(shì))即pre+domin+ance，pre-“在前”，domin詞根“支配”(如dominate→domin+ate動(dòng)詞后綴→支配;占優(yōu)勢(shì))，-ance名詞后綴;predominant(占優(yōu)勢(shì)的;起主要作用的)←pre+domin+ant形容詞后綴。the predominant feature of sb.'s character 某人性格的主要特征。
4.sensational ?(感動(dòng)的;引起轟動(dòng)的)即sens(e)+ation+al，sense詞根“感覺(jué)”，-sation名詞后綴，-al形容詞后綴。sensational literature 令人激動(dòng)的作品;a sensational crime 駭人聽(tīng)聞的罪行。
attribute (屬性v.歸因于)即at+tribute，at-(=to)，tribute詞根“給”，于是“把屬性給某物”→歸因于;contribute(v.貢獻(xiàn);捐獻(xiàn);投稿)即con一起+tribute，“一起給”→捐獻(xiàn)→引申為“投稿”。
5.executive?(執(zhí)行的;執(zhí)行官)可看作exe+cut+ive，exe即“可執(zhí)行文件”后綴名，cut切，-ive后綴，“執(zhí)行(exe)官的任務(wù)是——如果你不聽(tīng)話，就把你cut掉”。The business system is blessed with a built-in corrective, namely, that one executive's mistakes become his competitor's assets.商界有一條天然的校正法則，即：決策者的失誤會(huì)變成競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的資產(chǎn)。executive — a person who always decides; sometimes he decides correctly 管理人員——總在做決定的人;有時(shí)候他也能做出正確決定。
6.productivity (生產(chǎn)率)即produc(e)+tiv(e)+ity，produce生產(chǎn)，-tive形容詞后綴，-ity名詞后綴。raise the labour productivity 提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。
7.impetus(n.推動(dòng);推動(dòng)力)可看作im+pet+us，im-即in-(in-在p前變形為im-)，pet寵物，us我們，寵物(pet)里面(im)有我們(us)的動(dòng)力(impetus)。the primary impetus behind the economic recovery 促使經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的主要推動(dòng)力。
8.manifest ?(明白的;v.表明)看作man+if+est，man男人，if是否，est形容詞最高級(jí)，“男人是否最明白”。No amount of manifest absurdity... could deter those who wanted to believe from believing.無(wú)論明顯的荒唐有多大……都無(wú)法阻止那些由于相信而相信的人。
8.withdraw(v.撤銷;縮回;提取)←with+draw，with-(=back, against)，draw拉，“拉回來(lái)”。
9. restructure (v.重組)←re+structure，re-再=again，structure(v.n.構(gòu)造)。The past has revealed to me the structure of the future.過(guò)去向我揭示了未來(lái)的結(jié)構(gòu)。
10.at a loss 不知所措;
11.on the ropes 岌岌可危;
12.take sth. for granted 認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然;
13.quick-witted 機(jī)智的;
14.think-tank 智囊團(tuán)。
難句解析：
�、� A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.
該句是一個(gè)并列句，由前后兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的分句組成，其間的連詞為but。but與后一個(gè)分句之間又插入一個(gè)由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)if properly handled，該狀語(yǔ)原來(lái)是一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，即if it(a history of long and effortless success) is properly handled，其中的it is由于和該分句的主句部分主謂語(yǔ)一致而被省略掉了。
本句結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)明，只需注意but與it may become a driving force之間的if結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，并且是一個(gè)省略了主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。此外handicap意為“不利條件”。
�、� Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
前一句中its workers the most skilled是一個(gè)伴隨狀語(yǔ)，省略了其中的being，補(bǔ)齊成分后應(yīng)為its workers being the most skilled。后一句中beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians作prosperous的狀語(yǔ)，beyond為介詞，是“超越，超出”的意思。而whose economies the war had destroyed作定語(yǔ)從句修飾the Europeans and Asians，原形是the war had destroyed the economies of the Europeans and Asians。
注意beyond一詞的意思，它表示“在……之外”。
③ For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
該句帶有一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句，其表語(yǔ)從句中又套有兩個(gè)并列的定語(yǔ)從句。全句主句部分的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是it looked...，as though(即as if好像)引導(dǎo)的從句是looked(看上去)的表語(yǔ)。表語(yǔ)從句中主語(yǔ)為the making of semiconductors，謂語(yǔ)為was going to be，而逗號(hào)之間的兩個(gè)which從句是the making of semiconductors的非限定性定語(yǔ)，同時(shí)又是插入語(yǔ)。
注意理解the next casualty的含義，casualty本意為“傷亡”，此處是“被國(guó)外產(chǎn)品擊敗的美國(guó)本土產(chǎn)業(yè)”。
④ Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
英語(yǔ)的句式詞匯一般都比較簡(jiǎn)練，如果將本句用中國(guó)人習(xí)慣的語(yǔ)式講出應(yīng)該如下：Their sometimes surprising findings about the causes of American's industrial decline are full of the warnings about the growing competition from overseas nations.
sensational即surprising。另外注意本句的中心意思在句末的the growing competition from overseas。
�、� Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.
attribute... to...將……歸功或歸咎于……。solely作狀語(yǔ)修飾attribute，this指代上一句中的five years of solid growth，此外as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle作賓語(yǔ)such obvious causes的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
yield to是“向……屈服”，即“被取代”。此處使用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，證明這種狀態(tài)到現(xiàn)在已成型。
試題解析：
1.【正確答案】 [C]
意為：戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)摧毀了多數(shù)潛在的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)。提問(wèn)中predominance意為“優(yōu)勢(shì)”。第一段指出，第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后，美國(guó)進(jìn)入一個(gè)欣欣向榮的(glowing)發(fā)展時(shí)期，它擁有八倍于其他任何一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)國(guó)家的市場(chǎng)，工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展到空前規(guī)模，它擁有世界上最優(yōu)秀的科學(xué)家和技術(shù)最高的工人。美國(guó)的繁榮和美國(guó)人的富裕水平，是歐洲人和亞洲人做夢(mèng)也達(dá)不到的，因?yàn)閼?zhàn)爭(zhēng)摧毀了他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)。
A意為：它已經(jīng)為實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)付出了艱苦的努力。B意為：其國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)比以前大八倍。D意為：其勞動(dòng)力(數(shù)量)空前的規(guī)模促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。
2. 【正確答案】 [D]
意為：汽車工業(yè)失去了部分國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)。第二段第六句提到，進(jìn)口車和紡織品涌進(jìn)(美國(guó))國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)。
A意為;電視工業(yè)萎縮回到了國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)(即：該工業(yè)失去了國(guó)際市場(chǎng))。根據(jù)第二段，到80年代中期，面對(duì)其工業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的日益衰退，美國(guó)人感到無(wú)計(jì)可施(at a loss)，美國(guó)某些大的行業(yè)——如電子消費(fèi)品——在園際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的壓力下，面臨萎縮或消亡的威脅。到1987年為止，美國(guó)僅存的電視制造商只有Zenith一家了(現(xiàn)在已蕩然無(wú)存：Zenith于7月份(指文章寫(xiě)作年代的7月份)被韓國(guó)LG電子有限公司購(gòu)買)。這里并沒(méi)有直接提到美國(guó)電視失去國(guó)際市場(chǎng)，事實(shí)上，它連國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)也保不住了。B意為：半導(dǎo)體行業(yè)被外國(guó)公司接管。第二段最后一句提到，在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，半導(dǎo)體制造業(yè)似乎要成為下一個(gè)受害者，雖然美國(guó)是半導(dǎo)體的發(fā)明者，而且半導(dǎo)體又處于新的計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)代的核心位置(即：在新的時(shí)代中起著關(guān)鍵作用)。本句中casualty意為“傷亡”、“受害者”，與上一句中be on the ropes(美語(yǔ)俚語(yǔ)，意為“即將完蛋”)相照應(yīng)。這里所說(shuō)的是半導(dǎo)體制造商似乎(as though)要失去國(guó)內(nèi)外市場(chǎng).而不是被國(guó)外企業(yè)接管。C意為：機(jī)床制造業(yè)自取滅亡。第二段提到了機(jī)床制造業(yè)“即將完蛋”(on the ropes)。這顯然也是說(shuō)它正在失去國(guó)內(nèi)外市場(chǎng)，并未提到它的滅亡是由其自身原因造成的。
3【正確答案】. [B]
意為：激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)可能促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。第三段提到，嚴(yán)峻的現(xiàn)實(shí)(this指上一段中提到的諸多現(xiàn)狀)使美國(guó)人失去了自信，他們不再認(rèn)為繁榮是自然而至的事，他們開(kāi)始認(rèn)識(shí)到自己的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式存在嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題(failing)。在80年代中期，他們開(kāi)始挖掘美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的原因，他們有時(shí)有些驚人的(sensational)發(fā)現(xiàn)，其中往往提示人們警惕外來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。第四段提到了90年代的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇。其中的含義是：在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的壓力下，美國(guó)人在80年代進(jìn)行了自我反思和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，因此帶來(lái)了90年代的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇。
A意為：在自我懷疑和盲目驕傲之間擺來(lái)擺去是人的本性。(即：人傾向于在這兩種心態(tài)之間搖擺)。C意為：經(jīng)濟(jì)的復(fù)蘇取決于國(guó)際間的合作。D意為：長(zhǎng)期的成功可以為進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展鋪平道路。
4. 【正確答案】 [A]
意為：經(jīng)濟(jì)周期的轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)。在第四段，作者指出，截止到1995年，美國(guó)已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了五年的穩(wěn)定(經(jīng)濟(jì))增長(zhǎng)，而日本卻在困境中掙扎，但是，美國(guó)人并不將這一增長(zhǎng)看做是美元貶值或經(jīng)濟(jì)周期的轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)等明顯的因素直接帶來(lái)的，而是由自我懷疑變?yōu)槊つ康尿湴�。這里作者實(shí)際上對(duì)當(dāng)前美國(guó)人的盲目樂(lè)觀情緒進(jìn)行了批評(píng)，認(rèn)為，90年代的增長(zhǎng)是由美元貶值或經(jīng)濟(jì)周期的轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)等因素造成的。
B意為：產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整。根據(jù)Richard Cavanaugh的看法，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)是由產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整造成，他認(rèn)為美國(guó)的產(chǎn)業(yè)正在“節(jié)食”(go on a diet)，正在變得更加理智。但這并不是作者的觀點(diǎn)。參閱第四段。C意為：經(jīng)營(yíng)管理的改善。根據(jù)Stephen Moore的看法，美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)正在提高其生產(chǎn)率。但這也不是作者的觀點(diǎn)。參閱第四段。D意為：教育上的成功。
全文翻譯：
一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間并且不費(fèi)力而成功的歷史可能成為一種可怕的不利因素，但若處理得當(dāng)，這種不利因素也有可能轉(zhuǎn)化為一種積極的推動(dòng)力。二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，美國(guó)恰好進(jìn)入了這樣的一 個(gè)輝煌時(shí)期，當(dāng)時(shí)，它擁有比任何競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者大8倍的市場(chǎng)，這使其工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)具有前所未有的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)。美國(guó)的科學(xué)家是世上最優(yōu)秀的，它的工人是最富于技術(shù)的。美國(guó)的國(guó)富民強(qiáng)是那些經(jīng)濟(jì)遭到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)破壞的歐亞諸國(guó)做夢(mèng)也無(wú)法達(dá)不到的。
隨著其他國(guó)家日益強(qiáng)盛，美國(guó)的這一優(yōu)勢(shì)地位逐漸下降是不可避免的。從優(yōu)勢(shì)地位上退出的痛苦也同樣是不可避免的。到了80年代中期，面對(duì)其日益衰退的工業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，美國(guó)人感到不知所措。面對(duì)國(guó)外競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，一些大型的美國(guó)工業(yè)，如消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)業(yè)，已經(jīng)萎縮或漸漸消失。到1987年，美國(guó)只剩下Zenith這一家電視生產(chǎn)商。(現(xiàn)在一家也沒(méi)有了：Zenith于當(dāng)年7月被韓國(guó)LG電器公司收購(gòu)。)外國(guó)制造的汽車和紡織品正在大舉進(jìn)入國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)。美國(guó)的機(jī)床工業(yè)也即將滅亡。人們?cè)欢雀杏X(jué)下一個(gè)在海外品牌面前全軍覆沒(méi)的似乎該輪到美國(guó)的半導(dǎo)體制造業(yè)了，而在新計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)代有著核心作用的半導(dǎo)體正是美國(guó)人發(fā)明的。
所有這一切導(dǎo)致了信任危機(jī)。美國(guó)不再視繁榮為理所當(dāng)然之事。他們開(kāi)始相信自己的商業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)方式不靈了，也相信不久他們的收入也會(huì)因此而下降。80年代中期，人們對(duì)美國(guó)工業(yè)衰退的成因作了一次又一次的探尋。在美國(guó)人那些有時(shí)聳人聽(tīng)聞的發(fā)現(xiàn)中充滿著對(duì)其他國(guó)家日益增長(zhǎng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的警告之詞。
情況的變化真快!1995年，當(dāng)日本還在奮力拼搏的時(shí)候，美國(guó)卻可以對(duì)5年的穩(wěn)固發(fā)展作一回顧了。沒(méi)幾個(gè)美國(guó)人將這一巨變單純歸因于美元貶值或商業(yè)周期循環(huán)這些顯而易見(jiàn)的原因。到如今，對(duì)自身的懷疑已被盲目樂(lè)觀所取代。“美國(guó)的工業(yè)已經(jīng)改變了結(jié)構(gòu)，消除了滯脹，學(xué)會(huì)了明智”，這是哈佛大學(xué)肯尼迪管理學(xué)院行政院長(zhǎng)理查德?卡佛納的看法。華盛頓特區(qū)的智囊團(tuán)——卡托研究院的史蒂芬?莫爾說(shuō)：“看到我們的企業(yè)正在提高自身的生產(chǎn)率，作為一個(gè)美國(guó)人，我感到自豪。”哈佛商學(xué)院的威廉?薩爾曼相信人們將會(huì)把這一時(shí)期視為“美國(guó)企業(yè)管理的黃金時(shí)代。
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